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Could Medicaid Payback Rules Come to an End?

  • June 6th, 2024

Street with row of modest 1950s style working-class bungalow homes.

Amid recent reports from such prominent news outlets as The New York Times and Associated Press about the negative impact of Medicaid estate recovery on families, the idea of ending this practice altogether has resurfaced.

What Is Medicaid?

Medicaid is a public assistance program that seeks to provide health insurance coverage for Americans with limited means. To be eligible for Medicaid in most states, you must meet strict income and asset guidelines. Generally, Medicaid rules will require that you have no more than $2,000 to your name.

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Many older Americans who eventually need long-term care services come to rely on Medicaid to cover these costs. (Note that Medicare, a different government program, does not pay for long-term care.)

As of late 2023, the median monthly cost of a semi-private room in a nursing home in the U.S. was close to $9,000. The vast majority of people cannot afford to pay these prices out of pocket over the long term. So, they often opt to spend down what assets they do have until they can qualify for the Medicaid program.

What Is Medicaid Estate Recovery?

Federal law requires that states attempt to recover the funds they had paid out for a Medicaid recipient’s medical care during their lifetime. This might include any costs that have accrued for nursing facility services, prescription drugs, or other medical or long-term care. The Medicaid Estate Recovery Program specifically affects Medicaid long-term care recipients who had reached age 55 or older.

With certain exceptions, it’s mandatory for a state to seek these repayments from the person’s estate after they have passed away. States that fail to pursue this course of action may be at risk of losing the Medicaid funding they receive from the federal government.

Can Medicaid Take Your Home?

In most states, only property that is part of your probate estate is subject to Medicaid estate recovery. So, for instance, if you have named someone to benefit from your life insurance policy, those funds will pass outside probate in most places. However, your house may be your sole asset, and you may not have taken precautions to protect it from estate recovery. In this case, the state Medicaid agency could place a lien on it to recover its costs.

The financial consequences of the Medicaid Estate Recovery Program can be devastating for grieving families. As states seek to recover money they have spent on Medicaid beneficiaries who received long-term care benefits, families with lower incomes tend to be the ones in the crosshairs. In some cases, the survivors of the deceased may lose their family home or face bankruptcy.

The Stop Unfair Medicaid Recoveries Act

In March 2024, U.S. Rep. Jan Schakowsky (D-IL) reintroduced legislation, the Stop Unfair Medicaid Recoveries Act, proposing to end Medicaid estate recovery altogether. The bill would prevent states from placing liens on the homes of Medicaid recipients while helping to improve access to long-term care services.

According to the recent story in the Times, one nonpartisan agency cited that, for fiscal year 2019, most states recouped less than 1 percent of what they had spent on Medicaid long-term care benefits.

“This current system ... is ineffective and unjust, and it must end,” Schakowsky said in a news release about the Act. “Let’s give our seniors and their families dignity and peace of mind.”

Numerous advocacy groups had previously expressed their support for ending Medicaid estate recovery. However, the bill may not be particularly likely to move forward immediately.

Plan for the Unforeseen With an Elder Law Attorney

Avoiding Medicaid estate recovery is possible, but it does take careful and deliberate planning.

Facing the possibility that you could one day need Medicaid long-term care coverage is important. After all, statistics show that seven in 10 older Americans are likely to require some form of long-term care in their later years.

Keep in mind that the rules regarding Medicaid benefits, which are specific to your state, can be complex. Be sure to work with a qualified elder law attorney, who can help you navigate your potential options. They can assist you in planning for your future and guide you in making the best possible decisions. This might include strategizing about when and how to apply for Medicaid or looking for ways to protect your assets.

Find an elder law attorney near you today for legal advice.

To learn more about Medicaid estate recovery – as well as how to avoid it – check out the following articles:


Created date: 03/21/2024
Medicaid 101
What Medicaid Covers

In addition to nursing home care, Medicaid may cover home care and some care in an assisted living facility. Coverage in your state may depend on waivers of federal rules.

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How to Qualify for Medicaid

To be eligible for Medicaid long-term care, recipients must have limited incomes and no more than $2,000 (in most states). Special rules apply for the home and other assets.

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Medicaid’s Protections for Spouses

Spouses of Medicaid nursing home residents have special protections to keep them from becoming impoverished.

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What Medicaid Covers

In addition to nursing home care, Medicaid may cover home care and some care in an assisted living facility. Coverage in your state may depend on waivers of federal rules.

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How to Qualify for Medicaid

To be eligible for Medicaid long-term care, recipients must have limited incomes and no more than $2,000 (in most states). Special rules apply for the home and other assets.

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Medicaid’s Protections for Spouses

Spouses of Medicaid nursing home residents have special protections to keep them from becoming impoverished.

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Medicaid Planning Strategies

Careful planning for potentially devastating long-term care costs can help protect your estate, whether for your spouse or for your children.

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Estate Recovery: Can Medicaid Take My House After I’m Gone?

If steps aren't taken to protect the Medicaid recipient's house from the state’s attempts to recover benefits paid, the house may need to be sold.

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Help Qualifying and Paying for Medicaid, Or Avoiding Nursing Home Care

There are ways to handle excess income or assets and still qualify for Medicaid long-term care, and programs that deliver care at home rather than in a nursing home.

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Are Adult Children Responsible for Their Parents’ Care?

Most states have laws on the books making adult children responsible if their parents can't afford to take care of themselves.

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Applying for Medicaid

Applying for Medicaid is a highly technical and complex process, and bad advice can actually make it more difficult to qualify for benefits.

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Alternatives to Medicaid

Medicare's coverage of nursing home care is quite limited. For those who can afford it and who can qualify for coverage, long-term care insurance is the best alternative to Medicaid.

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Distinguish the key concepts in estate planning, including the will, the trust, probate, the power of attorney, and how to avoid estate taxes.

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Distinguish the key concepts in estate planning, including the will, the trust, probate, the power of attorney, and how to avoid estate taxes.

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Grandchildren

Learn about grandparents’ visitation rights and how to avoid tax and public benefit issues when making gifts to grandchildren.

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Guardianship/Conservatorship

Understand when and how a court appoints a guardian or conservator for an adult who becomes incapacitated, and how to avoid guardianship.

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Health Care Decisions

We need to plan for the possibility that we will become unable to make our own medical decisions. This may take the form of a health care proxy, a medical directive, a living will, or a combination of these.

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Long-Term Care Insurance

Understand the ins and outs of insurance to cover the high cost of nursing home care, including when to buy it, how much to buy, and which spouse should get the coverage.

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Medicare

Learn who qualifies for Medicare, what the program covers, all about Medicare Advantage, and how to supplement Medicare’s coverage.

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Senior Living

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Get a solid grounding in Social Security, including who is eligible, how to apply, spousal benefits, the taxation of benefits, how work affects payments, and SSDI and SSI.

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Learn how a special needs trust can preserve assets for a person with disabilities without jeopardizing Medicaid and SSI, and how to plan for when caregivers are gone.

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